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AUSTRIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Licences for sports betting and horse race betting are available for private operators on a regional basis within Austria, whereas poker, casino, bingo and lottery are controlled by the monopoly, Casinos Austria, which has exclusive rights until 2027.
Status: In 2016, national courts reached conflicting decisions on the compatibility of Austria’s current gambling legislative framework with EU law, which remains unclear. The draft amendments to the Gambling Act, which would introduce ISP-blocking measures and an express provision rendering gambling contracts contrary to the Gambling Act void, has been temporarily withdrawn. It is unclear if the initial draft will be republished.
BELGIUM
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: All products are available to private operators except for lotteries, which are reserved exclusively for the monopoly provider. However, online operators need to partner with local casinos in order to satisfy the land-based establishment requirement; alternatively, apply for one of the 34 retail licences (F1 licences) that can be extended to cover online (F1+ licence).
Status: There remain valid arguments that the existing regime is incompatible with Belgium’s EU Treaty obligations. On 22 March, 2018, Belgium’s Constitutional Court ruled in favour of an exemption from VAT obligations for online gambling transactions. Active enforcement measures against operators and players are in place. The Belgian government recently approved a royal decree restricting advertising for online gambling, which is expected to enter into force in summer 2019.
BULGARIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery (excluding raffles and instant lottery games).
Operator type: All products are available to private operators except for lotteries, which are reserved exclusively for the monopoly.
Status: Any operator from an EU/EEA jurisdiction or the Swiss Confederation can apply for a licence. The Bulgarian regulator has awarded approximately 20 licences to date, including to a number of international operators. The government has notified the European Commission of draft amendments to the country’s gambling legislation which, among other things, would introduce stringent restrictions on how gambling products can be advertised. The standstill period ended on 15 October, 2018.
CROATIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: All products are available to private operators except for lotteries, which are reserved exclusively for the monopoly provider. Private operators can only be licensed to offer igaming if they obtain a land-based casino or betting licence.
Status: Following Croatia’s accession to the EU in 2013, it was understood that it would submit new legislation that was compatible with EU law However, on 5 March, 2014, the Croatian government notified a draft bill to embolden the position of the monopoly and local operators, giving rise to further incompatibility issues. The receipt of a detailed opinion from the EC stalled the legislative process.
CYPRUS
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting and lottery.
Operator type: OPAP has a monopoly over lottery operations; sports-betting licences are available to private operators.
Status: Cyprus regulated online betting in July 2012, although a licensing regime was not established until 2016. Applications for online sports-betting licences were accepted for a one-month period only from 3 October, 2016. ISPs are obliged to implement blocking measures to prohibit Cypriot residents from accessing unlicensed gambling websites. Cyprus has notified new draft gambling legislation to the EC in response to concerns about the local establishment requirement under the Betting Law and the equal treatment of gambling operators in the country (principally as a result of the exemption afforded to OPAP).
CZECH REPUBLIC
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: EU and EEA-based operators are able to apply for licences.
Status: The new gambling regulatory regime entered into force in the Czech Republic on 1 January, 2017, allowing EU/EEA companies to enter the market. The licensing regime has been called into question after a number of foreign operators are believed to have withdrawn from the licensing process, citing the current regime as being incompatible with EU law ISP-blocking measures are active in the jurisdiction.
DENMARK
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, fantasy sports, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Sports betting, poker and casino licences are available to private operators. Lottery is controlled by the state monopoly.
Status: The Danish online gambling regime went live on 1 January, 2012. ISP-blocking measures are active in the jurisdiction and the Danish Gaming Authority has been granted an injunction to block operators and suppliers that have been targeting Danish customers without the requisite licence. Danish political parties have reached an agreement to introduce limits on bonuses. The Ministry of Taxation is understood to be aiming for a 1 January, 2019 implementation, although the exact proposed changes are currently unknown.
ESTONIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Licences for all gambling products are available to private operators save for lotteries, which are reserved exclusively for the monopoly operator.
Status: Operators seeking to accept business from players in Estonia must be issued an activity licence for the type of gambling they wish to offer, then an operating permit to provide the services remotely. A blacklist of about 1,100 operators is maintained and updated by local authorities and ISP and payment blocking is in force. Though some operators argue that the regime is still not compatible with EU law, there has been no open challenge by the EC to date.
FINLAND
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: All gambling products are under the exclusive control of monopoly provider Veikkaus Oy.
Status: Despite the existence of a national monopoly, EC enforcement action has been dropped subsequent to various changes to Finnish laws. Active enforcement measures are in place (restrictive marketing for offshore operators and ISP blocking).
FRANCE
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Private operators can obtain online licences for sports betting, horse race betting and poker. The monopoly has exclusive rights to bingo and lottery.
Status: A regulated market since the introduction of a licensing regime in 2010, following which the EC withdrew its infringement proceedings. Parliament has given its formal approval to plans to privatise the state-owned operator of France’s national lottery games, Française des Jeux (FDJ), with broader regulatory changes to the online sector expected to follow.
GERMANY
Regulated gambling products: Schleswig-Holstein, a small northernGerman state, regulates sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino and bingo. The other 15 states of Germany currently permit only sports betting and horse race betting.
Operator type: Private operators can no longer obtain licences in Schleswig-Holstein and those in existence will expire on 30 June 2019. In the other 15 states, horse race betting licences are available at a regional level but the position surrounding the 20 available sportsbetting licences is still uncertain.
Status: The main legal framework for gambling regulation in Germany has been the subject of much debate and has been heavily criticised by the European Commission and interested parties/states within Germany for a number of years. Its legal standing is highly questionable, particularly in light of a decision of the CJEU (in Sebat Ince, 2016), which found the sports betting tender process to be incompatible with EU law and called into question the restrictive remote gambling regime in general. The decision led to calls for comprehensive legal reform of Germany’s gambling legislation. In March 2017 all 16 German states signed amendments to the country’s gambling law; however, on 22 September, 2017, Schleswig-Holstein’s state parliament voted against ratifying these, with North-Rhine Westphalia and Hesse since announcing their intention to follow suit. Without full state support, the intended changes did not take effect, further delaying reform. A Federal Administrative Court ruling on 26 October, 2017 upheld the ban on online casinos and poker. The ruling, which is now the subject of a constitutional complaint, appears to have led to action by local regulators seeking to enforce the prohibition of online casinos by issuing interdiction letters to operators. Paymentblocking initiatives are also being pursued.
GREAT BRITAIN
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: All licences are available to private operators save for lottery, which is reserved exclusively for the monopoly provider, Camelot.
Status: Any operator that transacts with, or advertises to, British
residents requires a licence from the Gambling Commission. Licensed operators are required to source gambling software from commissionlicensed businesses. The UK government has announced its intention to increase Remote Gaming Duty at the next budget to cover a shortfall in lost tax revenue resulting from a reduction in maximum stakes on fixed odds betting terminals from £100 to £2.
GREECE
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting and lottery.
Operator type: All products are exclusively reserved for the monopoly providers, although 24 transitional licences for private operators remain active, with all products permitted.
Status: The enabling regulations that implement a Greek online gambling licensing regime are yet to be implemented. In 2012, a ‘transition period’ commenced, whereby the Greek government granted 24 transitional licences to operators, enabling them to keep transacting with Greek residents. In September 2018, the Government published draft amendments to the country’s Gambling Law which if implemented as proposed, introduce an open licensing regime with unlimited licences, prohibit RNG-based games and maintain the current 35% GGR tax.
HUNGARY
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Only the state monopolies (Szerencsejáték Zrt. and Magyar Lóversenyfogadást-Szervezo Kft) and local concession companies can apply for a licence.
Status: Amendments to Hungarian gambling law came into force on 1 October, 2015 and allow only two land-based casinos to hold remote casino concessions. The regulator has since issued fines, a number of which have been challenged, against unlicensed operators that continue to target the market. In June 2017, the ECJ determined Hungary’s gambling regime to be incompatible with Article 56 TFEU. A subsequent ECJ decision in February 2018 ruled against the Hungarian requirement that online gambling operators must have a land-based licence to offer online gambling services to Hungarian citizens, further strengthening arguments that the current regime is incompatible with EU law. The Hungarian Ministry of Justice has stated its intention to continue to seek to enforce the existing regime despite the most recent ruling. A draft bill that would introduce payment-blocking measures was notified to the EC on 15 December, 2017, although the bill does not yet appear to have been adopted.
IRELAND
Regulated gambling products: Online gaming is not specifically accounted for in Ireland’s outdated legislation and as such is currently unregulated.
Operator type: Online betting regulated since August 2015.
Status: Ireland is currently updating its legislation, which will create a comprehensive igaming regime. In January 2018, the Irish Cabinet gave the go-ahead to draft a new version of a bill that was first proposed in 2013. This has now been subsumed into the Gambling Control Bill 2018, which was introduced by Ireland’s opposition party in February 2018 as a private member’s bill. Amendments to the Gaming and Lotteries Act 1956 have also been proposed. Legislative progress is not expected until late 2018 at the earliest. The Irish government has announced its 2019 budget, doubling the betting duty from 1% to 2% tax on turnover with effect from 1 January, 2019.
ITALY
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Fully regulated market.
Status: The Stability Law 2016, passed in December 2015, introduces various measures affecting the remote gambling industry, including tax changes and a tender process for the award of 120 new online gaming licences. The tender process for applications closed on 19 March, 2018. On 7 August, 2018, the Italian parliament approved a decree which prohibits gambling advertising and sponsorship. The ban took effect on 14 July, 2018, although ongoing advertising contracts remain valid until the earlier of their expiration date or 14 July, 2019. The sponsorship ban will apply from 1 January, 2019.
LUXEMBOURG
Regulated gambling products: Lottery.
Operator type: Monopoly.
Status: The general prohibition on gambling appears sufficiently wide to cover all forms of online gambling.
MALTA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Private operators can apply for a local licence (except for lottery products).
Status: Malta has approved a new Gaming Act that replaces all existing gaming legislation with a single piece of legislation, supplemented by secondary legislation. The Gaming Act, together with directives and regulations, is effective as of 1 August, 2018.
NETHERLANDS
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Monopoly for all products.
Status: The Dutch parliament’s lower house approved the Remote Gambling Bill in 2016, which will introduce an online gambling licensing regime. In September 2018, the Government opened a public consultation on the implementing regulations of the Remote Gambling Bill, which will be followed by debate and a vote in the Senate, expected in early 2019. It is understood that operators that have previously been fined by the Dutch regulator will not be eligible for a licence. In the interim, the regulator continues to implement enforcement measures against operators targeting Dutch players, having imposed recent sanctions against three well-known operators.
NORWAY
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting and lottery.
Operator type: Online gambling is reserved for the two monopoly providers, Norsk Tipping and Norsk Rikstoto.
Status: The monopoly has extended its offering to include live betting, online bingo and casino games in an attempt to redirect traffic from unlicensed sites. The Norwegian regulator continues to step up enforcement efforts against unregulated operators, local banks and payment service providers. On 4 June, 2018, the Ministry of Culture notified a draft regulation to the European Commission that would establish payment-blocking measures. The standstill period ended on 5 September, 2018. The European Gaming and Betting Association is understood to have filed a legal challenge against the proposed measures.
POLAND
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, casino and poker.
Operator type: Betting licences are available for companies with a representative in Poland. Casino and poker are reserved for a state monopoly.
Status: Legislation enacted 1 January, 2012 permits betting. Online gaming (including poker) is no longer prohibited as of 1 April, 2017, although the exclusive rights to offer such products are reserved for a state monopoly. Provisions that provide for the establishment of a blacklist of unlicensed operators and ISP and payment blocking came into force on 1 July, 2017. The blacklist contains more than 1,000 domain names.
PORTUGAL
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Any EU/EEA operator can apply to be granted a licence for online gambling. Lottery games and land-based fixedodds sports betting remain reserved for a monopoly.
Status: A regulated market since 2015. Although operators can now apply for licences, their Portuguese revenue streams are subject to comparatively high tax rates, particularly in sports betting (8-16% tax on turnover). In 2015, the RGA filed a state-aid case with the EC challenging the Portuguese betting tax as breaking EU trade rules. On 13 October, 2018, the government approved the state budget law for 2019 which proposes the introduction of a flat rate of 25% tax on GGY for all games. The final version is expected to be approved at the end of November 2018.
ROMANIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Any operator from an EU/EEA jurisdiction or the Swiss Confederation can apply for a licence. Lottery games remain reserved for the monopoly.
Status: The Romanian government passed legislation in 2014 that allows entities within the EU to apply for a licence, imposes a reform on licence fees and eliminates many (but not all) of the tax burdens placed on player revenues. The Gambling Law (as amended) introduced a legal framework for a fully regulated online gambling market and requires licences to be held by online gambling operators, as well as software providers, payment processors, affiliates and testing labs. After some delay, the secondary legislation that fully implemented the new licensing regime came into force on 26 February, 2016.
SLOVAKIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Monopoly, save that land-based sports-betting operators can offer services online owing to a legal loophole.
Status: In November 2016, a bill amending the existing gambling legal framework was approved. The amendments, which entered into force on 1 January, 2017, included the introduction of ISP and payment blocking of illegal online gambling offerings in the Slovak territory. Slovakia’s Financial Directorate began to perform its supervisory function over these blocking measures from 1 July, 2017. New draft legislation has been notified to the EC with a view to liberalising the market in 2019. The proposed legislation, if passed, will allow private EU/EEA operators to apply for online gambling licences.
SLOVENIA
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Online gambling must be operated by land-based casinos or lotteries and, as a result, only the monopoly holds online licences in Slovenia.
Status: Draft amendments to the Gaming Act were published in 2015, which aim to remove the current local establishment requirement. The proposal is yet to be submitted to the Slovenian parliament, although it is expected to be adopted in 2018. Whether any amendments will introduce a formal licensing system remains unclear.
SPAIN
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, casino, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Private operators can apply for licences for all gambling products save for lottery.
Status: First online licences were issued on 1 June, 2012. Operators must hold a general licence and a specific licence, both issued by the National Gambling Commission, for each activity. The Spanish regulatory body DGOJ has formally opened its third call for tender, with applications for online licences accepted from operators for a period of one year, until 18 December, 2018. On 16 January, 2018, online poker liquidity sharing between Spain and France came into effect. The 2018 parliamentary budget was passed into law in June 2018, resulting in a reduction to gambling tax effective as of 1 July, 2018.
SWEDEN
Regulated gambling products: Sports betting, horse race betting, poker, bingo and lottery.
Operator type: Only public-benefit organisations, the horse racing industry and the state lottery may obtain a licence. No licences are available for private operators, although this will change with the introduction of the new legal framework.
Status: The Swedish parliament adopted a bill that will introduce an online-gambling licensing regime.The law is expected to enter into force on 1 January, 2019, with the licence application process open as of 1 August, 2018.